Chimeric antigen receptors: tools for the immune system.
Structure of antigen-specific receptors has become one of the major tools to understand the mechanisms of cellular recognition and to define new approaches in the field of immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) based on antibody-derived antigen-binding domains, designed to trigger effector functions in lymphocytes. CARs consist of a single-chain antibody (scFv) derived from the antigen-binding site of an antibody fused to CD3-zeta signaling domains. Functionally active CARs have been described for T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells. CAR-transduced T cells can be used to eradicate cancer cells of B or T lineage as well as infectious diseases such as HIV or Herpes virus infections. By targeting surface antigens, CAR-T cells are potentially applicable in the therapy of many autoimmune diseases as well as in the prevention of allograft rejection. Progress in the field of CAR-T cell therapy relies on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CARs trigger effector functions. Better understanding of these processes may lead to CAR-T cell-based treatment of immunodeficiencies, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia.By: Amelia Jones
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